Tzu Chi Medical Journal
Volume 22, Issue 2 , Pages 73-81, June 2010

The Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease

  • Shin-Yuan Chen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
    • Division of Functional Neuroscience, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
    • Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, 707, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Sheng-Tzung Tsai

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
    • Division of Functional Neuroscience, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
    • Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan

Received 21 December 2009; received in revised form 1 April 2010; accepted 20 April 2010.

Article Outline

Abstract 

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and manifests as bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor and posture instability. Although the disease symptomatology can be well controlled by levodopa, related medications and deep brain stimulation, the etiology of PD remains obscure. The epidemiological features have been discussed in depth in the literature, but the methodologies used to approach the issues have varied greatly, and the results cover a wide range of factors and are generally inconclusive. The crude prevalence rate of PD has been reported to range from 15 per 100,000 to 12,500 per 100,000, and the incidence of PD from 15 per 100,000 to 328 per 100,000, with the disease being less common in Asian countries. Risk factor studies have pinpointed cigarette smoking, coffee/tea consumption and alcohol drinking as being mostly related to a lower risk of PD. The relationship between a higher risk of PD and drinking well-water and being exposed to herbicides/pesticides is controversial. Systemic diseases including gout, hyperlipidemia and hypertension may be related to a reduced risk of PD. A family history of PD, tremor, depression and head injury are related to a higher risk of PD. Genetic studies of the glucocerebrosidase, parkin and LRRK2 genes have contributed to our understanding of familial PD but not of sporadic PD. The health-related quality of life of PD patients is related not only to their motor disability, but also to their non-motor symptoms of depression, sleep disturbance, bladder and sexual dysfunction. The economic burden of PD is enormous, and the annual cost of medical service per PD patient can reach €13,804 (NT$599,547).

Keywords:  Comorbidity , Economic burden , Epidemiology , Parkinson's disease , Quality of life , Risk factor , Systemic disease

No full text is available. To read the body of this article, please view the PDF online.

 

Back to Article Outline

References 

  1. Dowding CH , Shenton CL , Salek SS . A review of the health-related quality of life and economic impact of Parkinson's disease . Drugs Aging . 2006;23:693–721
  2. Janca A . Parkinson's disease from WHO perspective and a public health point of view . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2002;9:3–6
  3. Tanner CM . Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease . Neurol Clin . 1992;10:317–329
  4. Tanner CM , Goldman SM . Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease . Neurol Clin . 1996;14:317–335
  5. von Campenhausen S , Bornschein B , Wick R , et al.   Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Europe . Eur Neuropsychopharmacol . 2005;15:473–490
  6. Zhang ZX , Roman GC . Worldwide occurrence of Parkinson's disease: an updated review . Neuroepidemiology . 1993;12:195–208
  7. Milanov I , Kmetska K , Karakolev B , Nedialkov E . Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Bulgaria . Neuroepidemiology . 2001;20:212–214
  8. Sanchez JL , Buritica O , Pineda D , Uribe CS , Palacio LG . Prevalence of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism in a Colombian population using the capture-recapture method . Int J Neurosci . 2004;114:175–182
  9. McCann SJ , LeCouteur DG , Green AC , et al.   The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease in an Australian population . Neuroepidemiology . 1998;17:310–317
  10. Svenson LW . Regional disparities in the annual prevalence rates of Parkinson's disease in Canada . Neuroepidemiology . 1991;10:205–210
  11. Strickland D , Bertoni JM , Pfeiffer RF . Descriptive epidemiology of Parkinson's disease through proxy measures . Can J Neurol Sci . 1996;23:279–284
  12. Tandberg E , Larsen JP , Nessler EG , Riise T , Aarli JA . The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease in the county of Rogaland, Norway . Mov Disord . 1995;10:541–549
  13. Wang SJ , Fuh JL , Teng EL , et al.   A door-to-door survey of Parkinson's disease in a Chinese population in Kinmen . Arch Neurol . 1996;53:66–71
  14. Zhang ZX , Anderson DW , Huang JB , et al.   Prevalence of Parkinson's disease and related disorders in the elderly population of greater Beijing, China . Mov Disord . 2003;18:764–772
  15. Wang SJ , Fuh JL , Liu CY , et al.   Parkinson's disease in Kin-Hu, Kinmen: a community survey by neurologists . Neuroepidemiology . 1994;13:69–74
  16. Tan LC , Venketasubramanian N , Jamora RD , Heng D . Incidence of Parkinson's disease in Singapore . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2007;13:40–43
  17. Gorell JM , Rybicki BA , Cole Johnson C , Peterson EL . Occupational metal exposures and the risk of Parkinson's disease . Neuroepidemiology . 1999;18:303–308
  18. Elbaz A , Tranchant C . Epidemiologic studies of environmental exposures in Parkinson's disease . J Neurol Sci . 2007;262:37–44
  19. Nuti A , Ceravolo R , Dell'Agnello G , et al.   Environmental factors and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in the Tuscany region of Italy . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2004;10:481–485
  20. Paganini-Hill A . Risk factors for Parkinson's disease: the leisure world cohort study . Neuroepidemiology . 2001;20:118–124
  21. Taylor CA , Saint-Hilaire MH , Cupples LA , et al.   Environmental, medical, and family history risk factors for Parkinson's disease: a New England-based case control study . Am J Med Genet . 1999;88:742–749
  22. Clark LN , Ross BM , Wang Y , et al.   Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene are associated with early-onset Parkinson disease . Neurology . 2007;69:1270–1277
  23. Punia S , Behari M , Govindappa ST , et al.   Absence/rarity of commonly reported LRRK2 mutations in Indian Parkinson's disease patients . Neurosci Lett . 2006;409:83–88
  24. Madegowda RH , Kishore A , Anand A . Mutational screening of the parkin gene among South Indians with early onset Parkinson's disease . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2005;76:1588–1590
  25. Tan LC , Venketasubramanian N , Hong CY , et al.   Prevalence of Parkinson disease in Singapore: Chinese vs Malays vs Indians . Neurology . 2004;62:1999–2004
  26. Galanaud JP , Elbaz A , Clavel J , et al.   Cigarette smoking and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in a population characterized by a high prevalence of pesticide exposure . Mov Disord . 2005;20:181–189
  27. Lai BC , Marion SA , Teschke K , Tsui JK . Occupational and environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2002;8:297–309
  28. Hu G , Bidel S , Jousilahti P , Antikainen R , Tuomilehto J . Coffee and tea consumption and the risk of Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2007;22:2242–2248
  29. Chen H , Zhang SM , Schwarzschild MA , Hernan MA , Ascherio A . Physical activity and the risk of Parkinson disease . Neurology . 2005;64:664–669
  30. Hu G , Jousilahti P , Nissinen A , Antikainen R , Kivipelto M , Tuomilehto J . Body mass index and the risk of Parkinson disease . Neurology . 2006;67:1955–1959
  31. Thacker EL , O'Reilly EJ , Weisskopf MG , et al.   Temporal relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of Parkinson disease . Neurology . 2007;68:764–768
  32. Zorzon M , Capus L , Pellegrino A , Cazzato G , Zivadinov R . Familial and environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in north-east Italy . Acta Neurol Scand . 2002;105:77–82
  33. Ritz B , Ascherio A , Checkoway H , et al.   Pooled analysis of tobacco use and risk of Parkinson disease . Arch Neurol . 2007;64:990–997
  34. Dong JQ , Zhang QH , Jiang ZX , et al.   Cigarette smoking and Parkinson's disease: a population based case-control study . Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi . 2003;24:604–607
  35. Behari M , Srivastava AK , Das RR , Pandey RM . Risk factors of Parkinson's disease in Indian patients . J Neurol Sci . 2001;190:49–55
  36. Alonso A , Rodriguez LAG , Logroscino G , Hernan MA . Gout and risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective study . Neurology . 2007;69:1696–1700
  37. Simon KC , Chen H , Schwarzschild M , Ascherio A . Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and risk of Parkinson disease . Neurology . 2007;69:1688–1695
  38. Ragothaman M , Murgod UA , Gururaj G , Kumaraswamy SD , Muthane U . Lower risk of Parkinson's disease in an admixed population of European and Indian origins . Mov Disord . 2003;18:912–914
  39. Shulman LM , Taback RL , Rabinstein AA , Weiner WJ . Nonrecognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2002;8:193–197
  40. Shulman LM , Taback RL , Bean J , Weiner WJ . Comorbidity of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2001;16:507–510
  41. Chaudhuri KR , Healy DG , Schapira AH . Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management . Lancet Neurol . 2006;5:235–245
  42. Krogh K , Ostergaard K , Sabroe S , Laurberg S . Clinical aspects of bowel symptoms in Parkinson's disease . Acta Neurol Scand . 2008;117:60–64
  43. Porter B , Macfarlane R , Walker R . The frequency and nature of sleep disorders in a community-based population of patients with Parkinson's disease . Eur J Neurol . 2008;15:50–54
  44. Vendette M , Gagnon JF , Decary A , et al.   REM sleep behavior disorder predicts cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease without dementia . Neurology . 2007;69:1843–1849
  45. Aarsland D , Larsen JP , Lim NG , et al.   Range of neuropsychiatric disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1999;67:492–496
  46. Hely MA , Morris JG , Reid WG , Trafficante R . Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson's disease: non-L-dopa-responsive problems dominate at 15 years . Mov Disord . 2005;20:190–199
  47. Aarsland D , Zaccai J , Brayne C . A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2005;20:1255–1263
  48. Riedel O , Klotsche J , Spottke A , et al.   Cognitive impairment in 873 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Results from the German Study on Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease with Dementia (GEPAD) . J Neurol . 2008;255:255–264
  49. McDonald WM , Richard IH , DeLong MR . Prevalence, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease . Biol Psychiatry . 2003;54:363–375
  50. Burn DJ . Beyond the iron mask: towards better recognition and treatment of depression associated with Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2002;17:445–454
  51. Wichowicz HM , Slawek J , Derejko M , Cubala WJ . Factors associated with depression in Parkinson's disease: a crosssectional study in a Polish population . Eur Psychiatry . 2006;21:516–520
  52. Tandberg E , Larsen JP , Aarsland D , Laake K , Cummings JL . Risk factors for depression in Parkinson disease . Arch Neurol . 1997;54:625–630
  53. Remy P , Doder M , Lees A , Turjanski N , Brooks D . Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system . Brain . 2005;128:1314–1322
  54. Weintraub D , Moberg PJ , Duda JE , Katz IR , Stern MB . Effect of psychiatric and other nonmotor symptoms on disability in Parkinson's disease . J Am Geriatr Soc . 2004;52:784–788
  55. Sakakibara R , Uchiyama T , Yamanishi T , Kishi M . Genitourinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2010;25:2–12
  56. Leibner J , Ramjit A , Sedig L , et al.   The impact of and the factors associated with drooling in Parkinson's disease . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2010 Jan 12; [Epub ahead of print]
  57. Nataraj A , Rajput AH . Parkinson's disease, stroke, and related epidemiology . Mov Disord . 2005;20:1476–1480
  58. Findley L , Aujla M , Bain PG , et al.   Direct economic impact of Parkinson's disease: a research survey in the United Kingdom . Mov Disord . 2003;18:1139–1145
  59. McInerney-Leo A , Gwinn-Hardy K , Nussbaum RL . Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in populations of African ancestry: a review . J Natl Med Assoc . 2004;96:974–979
  60. Keranen T , Kaakkola S , Sotaniemi K , et al.   Economic burden and quality of life impairment increase with severity of PD . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2003;9:163–168
  61. Guttman M , Slaughter PM , Theriault ME , DeBoer DP , Naylor CD . Burden of parkinsonism: a population-based study . Mov Disord . 2003;18:313–319
  62. Spottke AE , Reuter M , Machat O , et al.   Cost of illness and its predictors for Parkinson's disease in Germany . Pharmacoeconomics . 2005;23:817–836
  63. McCrone P , Allcock LM , Burn DJ . Predicting the cost of Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2007;22:804–812
  64. Fraix V , Houeto JL , Lagrange C , et al.   Clinical and economic results of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2006;77:443–449
  65. Valldeoriola F , Morsi O , Tolosa E , Rumia J , Marti MJ , Martinez-Martin P . Prospective comparative study on costeffectiveness of subthalamic stimulation and best medical treatment in advanced Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2007;22:2183–2191
  66. Roland KP , Jerkins ME , Johnson AM . An exploration of the burden experienced by spousal caregivers of individuals with Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2010;25:185–193
  67. Slawek J , Derejko M , Lass P . Factors affecting the quality of life of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease-a cross-sectional study in outpatient clinic attendees . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2005;11:465–468
  68. Tickle-Degnen L , Ellis T , Saint-Hilaire MH , Thomas CA , Wagenaar RC . Self-management rehabilitation and healthrelated quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial . Mov Disord . 2010;25:194–204
  69. Winter Y , von Campenhausen S , Popov G , et al.   Social and clinical determinants of quality of life in Parkinson's disease in a Russian cohort study . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2010;16:243–248

PII: S1016-3190(10)60044-4

doi:10.1016/S1016-3190(10)60044-4

Tzu Chi Medical Journal
Volume 22, Issue 2 , Pages 73-81, June 2010

Article Tools